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Consumer Protection Act, 2019: Rights, Remedies, and E-Commerce Regulation

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Introduction Every individual, regardless of social or economic status, is a consumer . Whether it’s buying groceries from a neighborhood shop, paying electricity bills, subscribing to online education platforms, or ordering medicines from an e-commerce site, consumption is a part of everyday life. But consumers often face unfair trade practices, defective products, misleading advertisements, and poor services . To address these issues, India has a dedicated legal framework known as consumer law . The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 , which replaced the earlier 1986 Act, is a progressive legislation that protects consumer rights and ensures fair trade practices in both traditional and digital marketplaces. This article provides a comprehensive overview of consumer law in India its importance, consumer rights, legal definitions, the concept of defective products, key amendments, and the special significance of e-commerce regulation in today’s digital economy. What is Consumer Law...
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Alimony & Maintenance in India – Who Can Claim and What Courts Consider

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When a marriage faces difficulties or ends in separation, it is not just an emotional struggle but also a financial one. Many individuals, especially women, children, and elderly parents, are left wondering how they will support themselves once the relationship breaks down. This is where the concept of alimony and maintenance under Indian law becomes crucial. Maintenance is not a matter of charity; it is a legal right . The law ensures that no dependent family member, whether a spouse, child, or parent, is left without means of survival or deprived of the lifestyle they were accustomed to during the marriage. It acts as a financial safeguard, protecting vulnerable family members from destitution and imbalance of power. The legal foundation of maintenance in India comes from multiple sources. The most widely applicable provision is Section 144 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023 , which provides a speedy and effective remedy to wives, children, and parents who a...
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India’s Independence: Beyond August 15, 1947 The Truth We Must Remember

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  Introduction Every year on August 15 , the streets of India come alive with the spirit of patriotism. The tricolour flutters proudly from rooftops, schoolchildren march in parades, patriotic songs fill the air, and speeches speak of our nation’s glory. It is a day of pride, remembrance, and celebration. But it is also a day that invites us to ask some difficult questions that go beyond the surface of festivities. Was our freedom earned solely through the non-violent path of Mahatma Gandhi, or was it equally shaped by the blood, courage, and sacrifice of revolutionaries, soldiers, and ordinary citizens who took up arms or resisted in other ways? When the clock struck midnight on August 15, 1947 , did India truly become a fully independent nation, or was it merely a transfer of power from one ruling elite to another under the umbrella of Dominion Status ? And what about the countless sacrifices made during and after independence, the lives lost in the Partition riots, the struggle...
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